Literatur

@article{bitencourt_n\"{u}rk_rapini_fishbein_sim\~{o}es_middleton_meve_endress_liede-schumann_1AD,

title = {Evolution of dispersal, habit, and pollination in Africa pushed Apocynaceae diversification after the eocene-oligocene climate transition},

author = {C\'{a}ssia Bitencourt and Nicolai M. N\"{u}rk and Alessandro Rapini and Mark Fishbein and Andr\'{e} O. Sim\~{o}es and David J. Middleton and Ulrich Meve and Mary E. Endress and Sigrid Liede-Schumann},

url = {https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fevo.2021.719741/full},

doi = {https://doi.org/10.3389/fevo.2021.719741},

year  = {2021},

date = {2021-10-04},

urldate = {2021-10-04},

journal = {Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution},

publisher = {Frontiers},

abstract = {Apocynaceae (the dogbane and milkweed family) is one of the ten largest flowering plant families, with approximately 5,350 species and diverse morphology and ecology, ranging from large trees and lianas that are emblematic of tropical rainforests, to herbs in temperate grasslands, to succulents in dry, open landscapes, and to vines in a wide variety of habitats. Despite a specialized and conservative basic floral architecture, Apocynaceae are hyperdiverse in flower size, corolla shape, and especially derived floral morphological features. These are mainly associated with the development of corolline and/or staminal coronas and a spectrum of integration of floral structures culminating with the formation of a gynostegium and pollinaria\textemdashspecialized pollen dispersal units. To date, no detailed analysis has been conducted to estimate the origin and diversification of this lineage in space and time. Here, we use the most comprehensive time-calibrated phylogeny of Apocynaceae, which includes approximately 20% of the species covering all major lineages, and information on species number and distributions obtained from the most up-to-date monograph of the family to investigate the biogeographical history of the lineage and its diversification dynamics. South America, Africa, and Southeast Asia (potentially including Oceania), were recovered as the most likely ancestral area of extant Apocynaceae diversity; this tropical climatic belt in the equatorial region retained the oldest extant lineages and these three tropical regions likely represent museums of the family. Africa was confirmed as the cradle of pollinia-bearing lineages and the main source of Apocynaceae intercontinental dispersals. We detected 12 shifts toward accelerated species diversification, of which 11 were in the APSA clade (apocynoids, Periplocoideae, Secamonoideae, and Asclepiadoideae), eight of these in the pollinia-bearing lineages and six within Asclepiadoideae. Wind-dispersed comose seeds, climbing growth form, and pollinia appeared sequentially within the APSA clade and probably work synergistically in the occupation of drier and cooler habitats. Overall, we hypothesize that temporal patterns in diversification of Apocynaceae was mainly shaped by a sequence of morphological innovations that conferred higher capacity to disperse and establish in seasonal, unstable, and open habitats, which have expanded since the Eocene-Oligocene climate transition.},

note = {Open-access Artikel.

Download auf der Seite m\"{o}glich. (PDF, EPUB)},

keywords = {Apocynaceae, apocynoids, APSA Clade, Asclepiadoideae, biogeography, Gondwana, Laurasia, long-distance dispersal, rauvolfioids},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{10.3372/wi.50.50112,

title = {Phylogenetic studies in the Hoya group (Apocynaceae, Marsdenieae): the position of Anatropanthus and Oreosparte},

author = {Michele Rodda and Nadhanielle Simonsson and Enrico Ercole and Gillian Khew and Matti Niissalo and Sri Rahayu and Tatyana Livshultz},

url = {https://doi.org/10.3372/wi.50.50112},

doi = {10.3372/wi.50.50112},

year  = {2020},

date = {2020-01-01},

journal = {Willdenowia},

volume = {50},

number = {1},

pages = {119 -- 138},

publisher = {Botanic Garden and Botanical Museum Berlin (BGBM)},

abstract = {Recent molecular phylogenetic studies have shown that Hoya is paraphyletic without Absolmsia, Clemensiella, Madangia, and Micholitzia. These genera have been placed in synonymy with Hoya, but the monophyly of Hoya sensu lato relative to other genera of the broader Hoya group (Dischidia, Anatropanthus and Oreosparte, the latter two never included in a molecular phylogenetic analysis) remained unclear. Furthermore, no analysis has included both a significant sample of the Hoya group and outgroup genera of Marsdenieae to test the monophyly of the Hoya group and its position within the tribe. To address these gaps, we assembled two data sets: (1) the chloroplast trnT-trnL-trnF locus from 110 species and (2) three chloroplast loci (trnT-trnL-trnF, atpB-psbA spacer and matK) and two nuclear loci (nrDNA ITS and ETS) from 54 species. The Hoya group is monophyletic and nested in an Asian/Australian clade of Marsdenia s.l. The genus Hoya is paraphyletic unless Anatropanthus, Dischidia and Oreosparte are included. However, current evidence is not sufficient to synonymize Dischidia and Oreosparte with Hoya. Support for synonymy of Anatropanthus with Hoya is strong and the new name H. insularis is proposed. A clade of three new species with Oreosparte-like morphology is sister to the rest of the Hoya group and is described as the new genus Papuahoya.Citation: Rodda M., Simonsson N., Ercole E., Khew G., Niissalo M., Rahayu S. \& Livshultz T. 2020: Phylogenetic studies in the Hoya group (Apocynaceae, Marsdenieae): the position of Anatropanthus and Oreosparte. \textendash Willdenowia 50: 119\textendash138. doi: https://doi.org/10.3372/wi.50.50112Version of record first published online on 27 March 2020 ahead of inclusion in April 2020 issue.},

keywords = {Anatropanthus, Apocynaceae, Dischidia, epiphyte, Hoya, Marsdenia, Marsdenieae, molecular phylogeny, new genus, new species, Oreosparte, Papuahoya, systematics},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{10.3372/wi.49.49210,

title = {New species of Apocynaceae from Madagascar},

author = {Jens Klackenberg},

url = {https://doi.org/10.3372/wi.49.49210},

doi = {10.3372/wi.49.49210},

year  = {2019},

date = {2019-01-01},

journal = {Willdenowia},

volume = {49},

number = {2},

pages = {209 -- 229},

publisher = {Botanic Garden and Botanical Museum Berlin (BGBM)},

abstract = {Preparation of a treatment of the family Apocynaceae for the Flore de Madagascar et des Comores necessitates the description of 11 new species and one new variety in subfamilies Periplocoideae (Baroniella effusa, Pentopetia suarezensis) and Secamonoideae (Calyptranthera punctulata, C. rosea, Pervillaea lanata, Secamone chouxii, S. dictyoneura, S. furcata, S. glabra, S. laevis, S. parviflora and S. toxocarpoides var. incana). Furthermore, an amended description of Pervillaea tomentosa is provided necessitated by an earlier confusion of this taxon with P. brevirostris (here synonymized) and with the new species P. lanata.Citation: Klackenberg J. 2019: New species of Apocynaceae from Madagascar. \textendash Willdenowia 49: 209\textendash229. doi: https://doi.org/10.3372/wi.49.49210Version of record first published online on 15 August 2019 ahead of inclusion in August 2019 issue.},

keywords = {Apocynaceae, Baroniella, Calyptranthera, Madagascar, new species, Pentopetia, Periplocoideae, Pervillaea, Secamone, Secamonoideae, taxonomy},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{10.2985/026.024.0108,

title = {A New Species of Ceropegia Sect. Rhytidocaulon (Apocynaceae) from Southern Yemen},

author = {Pavel Han\'{a}\v{c}ek and Peter V Bruyns},

url = {https://doi.org/10.2985/026.024.0108},

doi = {10.2985/026.024.0108},

year  = {2018},

date = {2018-01-01},

journal = {Haseltonia},

volume = {2018},

number = {24},

pages = {51 -- 54},

publisher = {Cactus and Succulent Society of America},

abstract = {In this paper Ceropegia reflexa Hanacek, belonging to Ceropegia sect. Rhytidocaulon, is described. It is known from one locality in the Al Mahra Governorate of Yemen in the southern part of the Arabian Peninsula. This new species is characterized by long pedicels, reflexed corolla lobes and the unusual twisted cilia along the margins of the lobes. Ceropegia reflexa occurs together with C. fulleri in rocky parts of Jabal Fartak, but at lower altitudes and in less exposed places than C. fulleri. A key to the nine Arabian members of Ceropegia sect. Rhytidocaulon is provided.},

keywords = {Arabian Peninsula, Ceropegieae, NE Africa, taxonomy},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{BRUYNS2017399,

title = {A revised, phylogenetically-based concept of Ceropegia (Apocynaceae)},

author = {P V Bruyns and C Klak and P Han\'{a}\v{c}ek},

url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0254629916339242},

doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2017.06.021},

issn = {0254-6299},

year  = {2017},

date = {2017-01-01},

journal = {South African Journal of Botany},

volume = {112},

pages = {399 - 436},

abstract = {Recent phylogenetic reconstructions in the Ceropegieae (Apocynaceae-Asclepiadoideae) show that the 357 species of highly succulent stapeliads and four lineages of the 141 species of Brachystelma R.Br. ex Sims are nested within the 219 species of Ceropegia L. The stapeliads, shown convincingly to be nested within Ceropegia, are primarily characterized by their non-climbing, highly succulent, tuberculate stems with fleshy flowers with a mostly short corolla-tube. However, highly succulent, tuberculate stems are not restricted to the stapeliads and are present in four lineages of Ceropegia. Furthermore, tubular flowers are also found among the stapeliads and are not restricted to Ceropegia. Since a slender, tubular corolla is extremely homoplasious within Brachystelma, Ceropegia and the stapeliads, we move away from this as defining Ceropegia to recognize some sections in which there is a range from slender, tubular flowers to almost flat flowers. To re-establish a monophyletic Ceropegia, we propose a new classification in which Brachystelma and all genera of the stapeliads are placed in a greatly enlarged Ceropegia. This new concept of Ceropegia is defined by the lack of hard, wiry roots, the softly fleshy tissue of the peduncles and pedicels, the absence of any corolline corona, the presence of two well-developed series of the staminal corona and the presence of a compitum in the style-head leading to the fertilization of both ovaries. We transfer the species of Brachystelma into several sections of Ceropegia and reduce the 31 stapeliad genera to sections of Ceropegia, after which Ceropegia has 63 sections. Sect. Chamaesiphon H.Huber is the largest with 115 species, two sections among the stapeliads each contain over 50 species but the remaining sections are mostly considerably smaller. We provide diagnostic descriptions, lists of included species and distributions for each of the subdivisions that we recognise. Over 400 new combinations are made in Ceropegia.},

keywords = {Ceropegieae, DNA-markers, Phylogeny, Stapeliads},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{shuttleworth2016smells,

title = {Smells like debauchery: the chemical composition of semen-like, sweat-like and faintly foetid floral odours in Xysmalobium (Apocynaceae: Asclepiadoideae)},

author = {Adam Shuttleworth},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-01-01},

journal = {Biochemical Systematics and Ecology},

volume = {66},

pages = {63--75},

publisher = {Elsevier},

keywords = {Xysmalobium stockenstromense},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{el2015botanical,

title = {Botanical studies of the leaf of Pachypodium lamerei Drake, family Apocynaceae, cultivated in Egypt},

author = {Dina F El-Kashef and Ashraf NE Hamed and Hany E Khalil and Mohamed S Kamel},

year  = {2015},

date = {2015-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry},

volume = {3},

number = {5},

pages = {40--45},

keywords = {Pachypodium lamerei},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{el2015morphological,

title = {Morphological and anatomical studies of the stem of Pachypodium lamerei Drake, family Apocynaceae, cultivated in Egypt},

author = {Dina F El-Kashef and Ashraf NE Hamed and Hany E Khalil and Mohamed S Kamel},

year  = {2015},

date = {2015-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry},

volume = {3},

number = {5},

publisher = {AkiNik Publications},

keywords = {Pachypodium lamerei},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{raimondo2015national,

title = {National assessment: Red list of South African plants, version 2015.1},

author = {D Raimondo and L Von Staden and W Foden and JE Victor and NA Helme and RC Turner and D Kamundi and P Manyama},

year  = {2015},

date = {2015-01-01},

urldate = {2015-01-01},

journal = {South African National Biodiversity Institute, Pretoria, South Africa},

keywords = {Huernia procumbens},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{endress2014updated,

title = {An updated classification for Apocynaceae},

author = {Mary E Endress and Sigrid Liede-Schumann and Ulrich Meve},

year  = {2014},

date = {2014-01-01},

journal = {Phytotaxa},

volume = {159},

number = {3},

pages = {175--194},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{jorgensen2014catalogo,

title = {Cat\'{a}logo de las plantas vasculares de Bolivia, Monogr},

author = {PM J\orgensen and MH Nee and SG Beck},

year  = {2014},

date = {2014-01-01},

journal = {Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard},

volume = {127},

number = {1-2},

publisher = {Missouri Botanical Garden Press St. Louis},

keywords = {Bolivia, Philibertia},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{BRUYNS2014251,

title = {Evolution of the stapeliads (Apocynaceae\textendashAsclepiadoideae) \textendash repeated major radiation across Africa in an Old World group},

author = {P V Bruyns and C Klak and P Han\'{a}\v{c}ek},

url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1055790314001225},

doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2014.03.022},

issn = {1055-7903},

year  = {2014},

date = {2014-01-01},

journal = {Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution},

volume = {77},

pages = {251 - 263},

abstract = {The stapeliads of the Ceropegieae (Apocynaceae\textendashAsclepiadoideae), are approximately 340 species of stem-succulents placed in around 30 genera, found in semi-arid parts of the Old World. Here we sampled 192 species (i.e. nearly two thirds of the total) from across the full geographic range of the group and analysed data from the two nuclear regions (nuclear ribosomal ITS and ncpGS) and five plastid regions (psbA-trnH intergenic spacer, rps16 intron, trnL\textendashtrnF intergenic spacer, trnS\textendashtrnG intergenic region and the non-coding rpl32-trnL region). We find that the stapeliads radiated first in the northern hemisphere from Africa to southern Europe and Myanmar. This radiation subtends a grade of minor clades in the south-western corner of the African continent. These were followed by a single clade containing major radiation back across Africa from South Africa to tropical Arabia (but no further east than Dhofar, Oman), which includes also a single early spread into Madagascar. We establish the monophyly of many of the genera, such as Echidnopsis Hook.f., Hoodia Hook., Huernia R. Br., Piaranthus R. Br., Rhytidocaulon P.R.O. Bally and Tridentea Haw., but find that Duvalia Haw., Orbea Haw., Stapelia L. and Tromotriche Haw. are polyphyletic. We show that in certain vegetative features, there is broad cohesion across clades. Florally, on the other hand, the stapeliads exhibit considerable plasticity and we are able to show that very differently shaped flowers as well as large and small flowers evolved repeatedly among closely related species.},

keywords = {Arabian Peninsula, Ceropegieae, DNA sequence data, Phylogeny, Rand Flora, Southern Africa},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{JAIN201351,

title = {Metabolic effect of short term administration of Hoodia gordonii, an herbal appetite suppressant},

author = {S Jain and S N Singh},

url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0254629913000288},

doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2013.02.002},

issn = {0254-6299},

year  = {2013},

date = {2013-01-01},

journal = {South African Journal of Botany},

volume = {86},

pages = {51 - 55},

abstract = {Hoodia gordonii (family: Apocynaceae) is used traditionally by the Khoi-San tribes to control hunger. It has become extremely popular and has triggered commercial interest due to its appetite suppressant property. The present study was undertaken to investigate the appetite regulatory mechanism and associated metabolic changes induced by the herb. Effect of organic solvent extract of H. gordonii on food intake and body weight of male Sprague Dawley rats was monitored at three different doses 50, 100 and 150mg/kg body weight, given orally for five days. Subsequently, the dose of 100mg/kg body weight was selected for further studies on the regulatory hormones and biochemical variables. Dose-dependent reduction in food intake (12\textendash26%) was observed at a dose of 100 and 150mg/kg body weight (p<0.05). Appetite suppression persisted for 6h and food intake was restored within 24h after stopping of the treatment. There was an increase in liver glycogen stores, activity of mitochondrial CPT-1 and thyroid hormones in treated animals. The circulating levels of NPY and IGF-1 were decreased with marginal increase in leptin and CCK, in case of treated rats. There was no change in blood glucose and insulin levels were not affected significantly. The hormonal and metabolic changes due to treatment with the H. gordonii extract may be responsible for its anorectic activity.},

keywords = {Appetite, Food intake, Ghrelin, Hoodia, Leptin, Neuropeptide Y},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{10.25223/brad.n31.2013.a21,

title = {Orbea - an overview of its taxonomy and a list of included species},

author = {Darrel C H Plowes},

url = {https://doi.org/10.25223/brad.n31.2013.a21},

doi = {10.25223/brad.n31.2013.a21},

year  = {2013},

date = {2013-01-01},

journal = {Bradleya},

volume = {2013},

number = {31},

pages = {159 -- 164},

publisher = {British Cactus and Succulent Society},

abstract = {The genus Orbea has had a chequered and convoluted history, usage, and interpretation by various authors since the name was originally proposed by Adrian Haworth in 1812. The following account is an attempt to present the background to these various issues in order to suggest what taxa are appropriate for inclusion in it. Two existing subspecies are raised to species rank, Orbea kaokoensis (Bruyns) Plowes, and O. orientalis (Bruyns) Plowes, and one taxon, currently treated as a variety, is recognized as a subspecies, O. verrucosa subsp. fucosa (N.E. Br.) Plowes.},

keywords = {Orbea},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{PT184,

title = {Oxypetalum lividum , a new species of Asclepiadoideae (Apocynaceae) from Peru},

author = {MARIA ANA FARINACCIO and RENATO DE MELLO-SILVA},

url = {https://www.biotaxa.org/Phytotaxa/article/view/phytotaxa.77.1.1},

issn = {1179-3163},

year  = {2013},

date = {2013-01-01},

journal = {Phytotaxa},

volume = {77},

number = {1},

pages = {1--4	doi = 10.11646/phytotaxa.77.1.1},

abstract = {Oxypetalum lividum (Apocynaceae, Asclepiadoideae), a new species from the Department of San Mart\'{i}n, Peru, is here described and illustrated. Oxypetalum lividum is similar to O. weberbaueri, but it differs by its sessile, 1\textendash5-florous inflorescences, pedicels 0.7\textendash3.5 mm long, and flowers 9\textendash11 mm long, which are borne on short pedicels 0.7\textendash3.5 mm long; whereas O. weberbaueri has pedunculate, 10\textendash20-florous inflorescences, pedicels 5\textendash7 mm long, and flowers ca. 20 mm long. The bluish-green leaves of O. lividum may also distinguish it from all other species of the genus.},

keywords = {Asclepiadaceae, biodiversity, IUCN Red List, Selva Alta, taxonomy},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{masinde2012ceropegia,

title = {Ceropegia},

author = {PS Masinde},

year  = {2012},

date = {2012-01-01},

urldate = {2012-01-01},

journal = {DJ Goyder, T. Harris, PS Masinde, U. Meve \& J. Venter, Flora of Tropical East Africa},

pages = {220--291},

keywords = {Huernia schneideriana},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Berruti2011,

title = {A northeastern range extension of Orbea Cooper (N.E.Br.) L.C.Leach},

author = {S.M. Berruti, S.P. Bester},

editor = {International Asclepiad Society},

issn = {0260-9533},

year  = {2011},

date = {2011-08-01},

journal = {Asklepios},

volume = {August},

number = {111},

pages = {17-24},

keywords = {Orbea, Orbea cooperi},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{BRUYNS2010585,

title = {Huernia humpatana (Apocynaceae), a new species from southern Angola},

author = {P V Bruyns},

url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0254629910001468},

doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2010.04.013},

issn = {0254-6299},

year  = {2010},

date = {2010-01-01},

journal = {South African Journal of Botany},

volume = {76},

number = {3},

pages = {585 - 587},

abstract = {A new species, Huernia humpatana Bruyns (Apocynaceae\textendashCeropegieae), closely related to H. similis N.E.Br., is described from the Chela Mountains of Huila Province in southern Angola. The two species are distinguished by the 5-angled and erect stems with more prominent tubercles up to 6mm long joined into clear angles and separated by V-shaped grooves in H. humpatana as opposed to very obtusely 4-angled stems with tubercles only 2mm long and only indistinct grooves between the angles in H. similis. Furthermore, in H. similis the nodding corolla is ±9mm in diameter with sepals ±2mm long, while in H. humpatana the horizontally facing corolla is 18\textendash20mm in diameter with sepals 4\textendash6mm long.},

keywords = {Angola, Apocynaceae, Ceropegieae},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{bester2010riocreuxia,

title = {Riocreuxia genus.},

author = {SP Bester},

year  = {2010},

date = {2010-01-01},

keywords = {Riocreuxia torulosa},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{venter2009taxonomic,

title = {A taxonomic revision of Raphionacme (Apocynaceae: Periplocoideae)},

author = {HJT Venter},

year  = {2009},

date = {2009-01-01},

journal = {South African Journal of Botany},

volume = {75},

number = {2},

pages = {292--350},

publisher = {Elsevier},

keywords = {Raphionacme procumbens},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{meve2009baynesia,

title = {Baynesia und Socotrella: noch wenig bekannte Taxa der Stapeliinae},

author = {Ulrich Meve},

year  = {2009},

date = {2009-01-01},

journal = {Kakteen und andere Sukkulenten},

volume = {60},

number = {8},

pages = {211--214},

keywords = {Socotrella dolichocnema},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{shuttleworth2009new,

title = {New records of insect pollinators for South African asclepiads (Apocynaceae: Asclepiadoideae)},

author = {A Shuttleworth and SD Johnson},

year  = {2009},

date = {2009-01-01},

journal = {South African Journal of Botany},

volume = {75},

number = {4},

pages = {689--698},

publisher = {Elsevier},

keywords = {Xysmalobium stockenstromense},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{HERRERA2009978,

title = {Reproductive and recruitment traits as indicators of the invasive potential of Kalanchoe daigremontiana (Crassulaceae) and Stapelia gigantea (Apocynaceae) in a Neotropical arid zone},

author = {I Herrera and J M Nassar},

url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0140196309001487},

doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaridenv.2009.05.004},

issn = {0140-1963},

year  = {2009},

date = {2009-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Arid Environments},

volume = {73},

number = {11},

pages = {978 - 986},

abstract = {Populations of two ornamental exotic species, Kalanchoe daigremontiana and Stapelia gigantea, have been recently detected inside a protected area containing arid ecosystems in Venezuela. We indirectly tested their invasive potential by characterizing their reproductive biology and recruitment patterns and comparing our estimates against Baker's Law and reproductive profiles reported for invasive plants. K. daigremontiana is autogamous, produces >16,000 seeds per plant and also reproduces clonally. Despite low seed viability (17.9%) and germination rates (11.9%), seeds were present in the seed bank. Plantlets of asexual origin showed high survival (75\textendash100%) compared to seedlings of sexual origin (10%). S. gigantea is self-incompatible, xenogamous and produces close to 1500 seeds per m2 of plant tissue. Seed viability (77%) and germination rates (62%) were high, but this species is not represented in the seed bank. It has a vegetative growth. A combination of reproductive and recruitment attributes, which match those considered in Baker's Law and others reported for invasive plants, confer K. daigremontiana and S. gigantea the potential to invade Neotropical arid zones; the former mainly through selfing and production of numerous asexual plantlets, and the latter through an association with a locally abundant pollinator and production of wind dispersed seeds.},

keywords = {Alien invasion, Arid zones, Baker's Law, Clonal, Exotic species, Reproductive biology, Seed bank, Vegetative growth},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{turner2008biological,

title = {Biological status of Funastrum cynanchoides and F. hartwegii (Asclepiadaceae)},

author = {Billie L Turner},

year  = {2008},

date = {2008-01-01},

journal = {Phytologia},

volume = {90},

pages = {36--40},

keywords = {Funastrum cynanchoides},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{turner2008biologicalb,

title = {Biological status of Funastrum cynanchoides and F. hartwegii (Asclepiadaceae)},

author = {Billie L Turner},

year  = {2008},

date = {2008-01-01},

urldate = {2008-01-01},

journal = {Phytologia},

volume = {90},

pages = {36--40},

keywords = {Pergularia daemia},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{zuloaga2008catalogo,

title = {Cat\'{a}logo de las Plantas Vasculares del Conosur},

author = {FO Zuloaga and O Morrone and M Belgrano},

year  = {2008},

date = {2008-01-01},

journal = {Versi\'{o}n base de datos en sitio web del Instituto Darwinion. Argentina. Edici\'{o}n on-line: www. darwin. edu. ar/Proyectos/Flora Argentina.[Acceso: 15 Abril 2015]},

keywords = {Philibertia},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{VANHEERDEN2008434,

title = {Hoodia gordonii: A natural appetite suppressant},

author = {F R van Heerden},

url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378874108004637},

doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2008.08.023},

issn = {0378-8741},

year  = {2008},

date = {2008-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Ethnopharmacology},

volume = {119},

number = {3},

pages = {434 - 437},

abstract = {Aims of the study 

Several species of the stapeliads, a group of stem succulents belonging to the family Apocynaceae are reported on in the ethnopharmacology literature and many of the references relate to their use as food plants. The most important of these plants is Hoodia gordonii, which during the past decade has risen from an almost forgotten spiny, desert plant to an important commercial appetite-suppressant herbal. The aim of this review is to summarize the botany, ethnopharmacology and phytochemistry of Hoodia gordonii. 

Materials and methods 

Journal articles and books were used to collect information on Hoodia gordonii and related species. 

Results 

Many books and articles documented the use of stapeliad species as food plants and earlier references refer to the use Hoodia species as a thirst quencher. However, prior to the publication of the patent application, only a single reference referring to the use of Hoodia pilifera as appetite suppressant was found. The structures of several steroid glycosides isolated from Hoodia gordonii are summarized. 

Conclusions 

Hoodia gordonii illustrates how a combination of ethnobotany and scientific research can lead to a commercial product which can greatly benefit the indigenous people.},

note = {Ethnobotany in South Africa},

keywords = {Apocynaceae, Appetite suppressant, Ghaap, gordonii, Hoodia, Stapelieae},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{figueiredo2008plants,

title = {Plants of Angola/Plantas de Angola.},

author = {Estrela Figueiredo and others},

year  = {2008},

date = {2008-01-01},

keywords = {Huernia oculata},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{vrivcanek2006search,

title = {In search of Socotrella},

author = {MIROS LAV {\v{R}}I{\v{C}}\'{A}NEK and PAVEL HAN\'{A}{\v{C}}EK},

year  = {2006},

date = {2006-01-01},

journal = {Cactus and Succulent Journal},

volume = {78},

number = {1},

pages = {6--9},

publisher = {BioOne},

keywords = {Socotrella dolichocnema},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{masinde2005revision,

title = {A revision of the African genus Riocreuxia Decne.(Apocynaceae: Asclepiadoideae-Ceropegieae)},

author = {Siro P Masinde},

year  = {2005},

date = {2005-01-01},

journal = {Kew Bulletin},

pages = {401--434},

publisher = {JSTOR},

keywords = {Riocreuxia torulosa},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{klackenberg2005,

title = {Pervillaea brevirostris Klack. (Apocynaceae, Secamonoideae), a new species from Mauritius},

author = {Jens Klackenberg},

url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/0006-8152/2005/0126-0203},

doi = {10.1127/0006-8152/2005/0126-0203},

year  = {2005},

date = {2005-01-01},

journal = {Botanische Jahrb\"{u}cher f\"{u}r Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie},

volume = {126},

number = {2},

pages = {203-209},

publisher = {Schweizerbart Science Publishers},

address = {Stuttgart, Germany},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{setshogo2005preliminary,

title = {Preliminary checklist of the plants of Botswana},

author = {Moffat Setshogo and others},

year  = {2005},

date = {2005-01-01},

urldate = {2005-01-01},

publisher = {South African Botanical Diversity Network (SABONET)},

keywords = {Huernia longituba},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{kobisi2005preliminary,

title = {Preliminary checklist of the plants of Lesotho},

author = {Khotso Kobisi},

year  = {2005},

date = {2005-01-01},

publisher = {South African Botanical Diversity Network (SABONET)},

keywords = {Xysmalobium stockenstromense},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{mapura2004checklist,

title = {A checklist of Zimbabwean vascular plants},

author = {A Mapura and Jonathan Timberlake},

year  = {2004},

date = {2004-01-01},

urldate = {2004-01-01},

publisher = {South African Botanical Diversity Network (SABONET)},

keywords = {Huernia longituba},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{bruyns2002socotrella,

title = {Socotrella, a new genus of Stapeliad (Apocynaceae-Asclepiadoideae) from the Island of Socotra},

author = {PV Bruyns and AG Miller},

year  = {2002},

date = {2002-01-01},

journal = {Novon},

pages = {330--333},

publisher = {JSTOR},

keywords = {Socotrella dolichocnema},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{goyder2001revision,

title = {A revision of Gomphocarpus R. Br.(Apocynaceae: Asclepiadeae)},

author = {DJ Goyder and A Nicholas},

year  = {2001},

date = {2001-01-01},

journal = {Kew Bulletin},

pages = {769--836},

publisher = {JSTOR},

keywords = {Gomphocarpus},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{endress2000revised,

title = {A revised classification of the Apocynaceae sl},

author = {Mary E Endress and Peter V Bruyns},

year  = {2000},

date = {2000-01-01},

journal = {The Botanical Review},

volume = {66},

number = {1},

pages = {1--56},

publisher = {Springer},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{10.2307/23643741,

title = {Phylogeny and Biogeography of the Stapeliads: 1. Phylogeny},

author = {P V Bruyns},

url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/23643741},

issn = {03782697, 16156110},

year  = {2000},

date = {2000-01-01},

journal = {Plant Systematics and Evolution},

volume = {221},

number = {3/4},

pages = {199--226},

publisher = {Springer},

abstract = {The stapeliads (Apocynaceae \textemdash Asclepiadoideae \textemdash Ceropegieae) form a group of highly succulent, practically leafless plants with a very diverse floral morphology. They are found in the drier parts of the Old World from southern Africa eastwards to Burma. 55 characters are selected on which a cladistic analysis is based and these are discussed in detail where necessary. From this a phylogeny is produced for the stapeliads. It is shown that they are monophyletic and that they are nested within a larger group among the tribe Ceropegieae of the subfamily Asclepiadoideae. Several of the important innovations that have led to the diversification of the stapeliads in semidesertic regions are discussed. The stapeliads appear to be mainly fly-pollinated. The methods of attraction of flies are mentioned and it is suggested that there are four basic floral types among the stapeliads.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{southern1999nicholas,

title = {A. Nicholas*, BC Rogers* \& H. Baijnath},

author = {IN SOUTHERN},

year  = {1999},

date = {1999-01-01},

journal = {PHILOSOPIAE DOCTOR},

pages = {722},

keywords = {Xysmalobium stockenstromense},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{ollerton1997pollination,

title = {Pollination systems in the Asclepiadaceae: a survey and preliminary analysis},

author = {Jeff Ollerton and Sigrid Liede},

year  = {1997},

date = {1997-01-01},

journal = {Biological Journal of the Linnean Society},

volume = {62},

number = {4},

pages = {593--610},

publisher = {Oxford University Press},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{brako1993catalogue,

title = {Catalogue of the flowering plants and gymnosperms of Peru: Cat\'{a}logo de las angiospermas y gimnospermas del Per'u},

author = {L Brako and James Lee Zarucchi},

year  = {1993},

date = {1993-01-01},

journal = {Monographs in systematic botany from the Missouri Botanical Garden},

volume = {45},

pages = {1--1286},

keywords = {Peru, Philibertia},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{archer1992kenya,

title = {Kenya Ceropegia Scrapbook},

author = {PG Archer},

year  = {1992},

date = {1992-01-01},

journal = {Artemis, Hobart},

keywords = {Bibliothek},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{bruyns1988revision,

title = {A revision of the genus Echidnopsis Hook. f.(Asclepiadaceae)},

author = {PV Bruyns},

year  = {1988},

date = {1988-01-01},

journal = {Bradleya},

volume = {1988},

number = {6},

pages = {1--48},

publisher = {BioOne},

keywords = {Echidnopsis cereiformis},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{verhoeven1988pollen,

title = {Pollen morphology of Raphionacme (Periplocaceae)},

author = {RL Verhoeven and HJT Venter},

year  = {1988},

date = {1988-01-01},

journal = {South African Journal of Botany},

volume = {54},

number = {2},

pages = {123--132},

publisher = {Elsevier},

keywords = {Raphionacme procumbens},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{bruyns1982huernia,

title = {Huernia kennedyana Lavranos: a rare stapeliad from the eastern Cape Province},

author = {PV Bruyns},

year  = {1982},

date = {1982-01-01},

journal = {National cactus and succulent journal},

keywords = {Huernia kennedyana},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{rihm1978edithcolea,

title = {Edithcolea grandis NE Brown},

author = {W Rihm},

year  = {1978},

date = {1978-01-01},

journal = {Kakteen und andere Sukkulenten},

keywords = {Edithcolea grandis},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{10.2307/42792004,

title = {A Monograph of the Genera Pseudolithos \& Whitesloanea},

author = {P R O Bally and F K Horwood and J J Lavranos},

url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/42792004},

issn = {00278858, 20570325},

year  = {1975},

date = {1975-01-01},

journal = {The National Cactus and Succulent Journal},

volume = {30},

number = {4},

pages = {88--93},

publisher = {British Cactus and Succulent Society},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{jacobsen1960handbook,

title = {Handbook of succulent plants},

author = {Hermann Jacobsen and others},

year  = {1960},

date = {1960-01-01},

urldate = {1960-01-01},

publisher = {Blandford Press},

keywords = {Stapelia glanduliflora},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{bolus1909flora,

title = {Flora Capensis vol. 4},

author = {H Bolus and F Guthrie and NE Brown},

year  = {1909},

date = {1909-01-01},

urldate = {1909-01-01},

keywords = {Huernia barbata, Huernia longituba, Huernia thuretii},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{van2010huernia,

title = {Huernia pendula EA Bruce (Apocynaceae).},

author = {E Jaarsveld},

keywords = {Huernia pendula},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}